The primary research article chosen for this assignment shows that voluntary medical
male circumcision (VMMC) can reduce HIV infections. A standardized questionnaire was
pilot-tested before the commencement of the actual study. A total of 233 males aged between
18-40 underwent VMMC for purpose of HIV prevention (Mukudu et al., 2019). The study was
conducted at a hospital in Soweto, South Africa between November 2012 and July 2014. The
male participants underwent surgical circumcision, and a follow-up was scheduled 12 months
after the VMMC. Several VMMC-trained clinicians conducted all the study procedures. A
structured questionnaire was administered to the participants before the circumcision and during
the post-circumcision study visit to ascertain HIV-risk behavior. Risk behavior was determined
through condom use at the last sexual act and concurrent multiple sexual partners. The minor
variables were vaginal sexual intercourse within the last one year, a history of the treatment of
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) within the last one year, knowledge of sexual partners’
HIV status at the last sex act and having